Describe the different types of segment register.

Segment Register: A register that points to the base of the current segment being addressed. Segments are specific areas defined in a program for containing data, code and stack.

The 6 Segment Registers are:

(i) Stack Segment (SS). Pointer to the stack

(ii) Code Segment (CS). Pointer to the code.

(iii) Data Segment (DS). Pointer to the data.

(iv) Extra Segment (ES). Pointer to extra data ('E' stands for 'Extra').

(v) F Segment (FS). Pointer to more extra data (‘F’ comes after 'E').

(vi) G Segment (GS). Pointer to still more extra data ('G' comes after 'F').

CS (Code Segment): Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with processor instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register CS register cannot be changed directly. The CS register is automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return instructions.

Stack segment (SS): Stack segment is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program stack. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the Stack pointer (SP) and base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment. SS register can be changed directly using POP instruction.

Dam segment (DS): Data segment is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment. DS register can be changed directly using POP and LDS instructions.

Extra segment (ES): Extra segment is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment, usually with program data. By default, the processor assumes that the DI register references the ES segment in string manipulation instructions. ES register can be changed directly using POP and LES instructions.

It is possible to change default segments used by general and index registers by prefixing instructions with a CS, SS, DS or ES prefix.

IP (Instruction Pointer): To access instructions the 8086 uses the registers CS and IP. The CS register contains the segment number of the next instruction and the IP contains the offset. IP is updated each time an instruction is executed so that it will point to the next instruction. Unlike other registers the IP can’t be directly manipulated by an instruction, that is, an instruction may not contain IP as its operand.